Magnitudes (m) to denote brightness
•Ancient system created by Hipparchus
–1st magnitude = brightest stars in sky
–6th magnitude = faintest visible to naked eye
–Confusing because smaller number implies brighter
•(Think of first magnitude as “first in class”)
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•Astronomers want a numerical measure of
 Intensity (I)  which is proportional to energy per unit time received from the star.
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•Relationship between I and m turns out to be “logarithmic”  (result of properties of human eye)