The Shapley-Curtis Debate:  1920
• Are spiral nebulae really other
galaxies, or just swirling clouds of
gas and dust within our own
galaxy?
• Many spiral galaxies had much
larger radial velocities than other
objects within our own galaxy
• Answered by new observations:
• In 1923/4 Edwin Hubble photographed and identified Cepheids in the
Andromeda Galaxy:
– Distance to Cepheids cleared showed Andromeda was outside our own
galaxy