| Vertical Oscillations and Warps |
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| • | Talked
about companions driving spiral structure, |
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| rings,
tidal tails. All can be relatively
confined to |
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| disk
plane. |
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| • | Distortions
out of plane as well, e.g., “warped |
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| disks.” |
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| Warp
expected to |
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| precess,
and |
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| damp
out in |
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| dynamical |
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| timescales,
but |
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| many
disks have |
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| such
warps. |
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| Dark
matter |
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| halos
affect this. |
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| How? Why? |
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