The Big Bang
George Gamow (late 1940s) realized that running
the expansion backwards means a hot, dense early
universe that was radiation dominated, and
nucleosynthesis was possible.
With Alpher and Herman, predicted background
radiation left over from this period, which would
now have a temperature of about 5 K.
Penzias and Wilson discover the background
radiation in 1965 by accident, win Nobel prize.