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Gravitational Lensing by Galaxies
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•Galaxy lensing of background quasars leads to image separations on scales of arcseconds.  Multiple images.
•Must confirm not binary quasars – sometimes easy, sometimes difficult.  How do you do this?
•Lens/binary quasar database: CASTLES
•http://cfa-www.harvard.edu/castles/ 
•Note that lens modeling software by Keeton is publicly available on this page.